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Sustainable Budgeting for a More Prosperous Economy Guide

5/6/2026

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Government Growth Limit: Louisiana’s Next Step

4/29/2026

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Originally published at the Pelican Institute.

Louisiana is moving in the right direction. Under Governor Jeff Landry, the state is beginning to deal with years of bad policies that weakened competitiveness, slowed job growth, and made too many families look elsewhere for opportunity. 

That kind of turnaround does not happen overnight. Markets respond to incentives, but they also need time to adjust after years of government growing too much, taxing too much, and crowding out too much private activity.

That is why House Bill 824 by state Representative Beau Beaullieu, which establishes a Government Growth Limit, is an important next step. 

The bill rightly focuses on the real issue: Louisiana cannot tax-cut its way to prosperity unless it also controls spending.  

Louisiana has already made progress. The move to a flatter, lower income tax rate was a major improvement because it reduced penalties on work, investment, and entrepreneurship. Some recent budget restraint has also helped. But these reforms are only the start. More must be done to reduce the size and scope of government so the private sector can lead.

That is where the Government Growth Limit fits.

UnderHB 824, the Revenue Estimating Conference would establish a Government Growth Limit each year. The formula uses Louisiana population growth plus an inflation measure based on the chained CPI and medical care inflation, averaged over five years. The bill applies this limit to recurring State General Fund spending and links excess recurring revenue to the Louisiana Income Tax Elimination Fund.  

That connection is key. Spending restraint is not just about balancing a budget. It is about creating room to reduce tax rates. When government grows slower than tax revenue, excess money should not automatically fund more programs. It should be used to lower tax rates, remove barriers to economic activity, and help families keep more of what they earn.

New data from the Americans for Tax Reform’s Sustainable Budget Project show both progress and warning signs. Louisiana’s state funds budget grew slower than population growth plus inflation over the last decade, meaning the state spent $5.4 billion less than it otherwise could have. That is encouraging. 

But all funds (state and federal funds) spending grew far faster, with the 2025 all funds budget $13.8 billion above the population-plus-inflation benchmark and cumulative excess spending of $55.8 billion from 2016 to 2025.  

That matters because government growth rarely stays contained. If spending is limited in one place but shifts elsewhere, taxpayers still pay. A strong Government Growth Limit should help create a culture of discipline across the budget, not just a temporary accounting exercise.

Louisiana needs this discipline because the economy still has too little momentum. The latestBLS labor market data show Louisiana had 2,000,900 nonfarm jobs in February 2026, down 1,600 jobs from a year earlier. Meanwhile, nearby and competing states like Texas, Arkansas, Alabama, and South Carolina added jobs over the same period.  

That is not just a data point. It means fewer opportunities for workers, fewer customers for small businesses, and more pressure on families deciding whether to stay in Louisiana or move to states with better prospects.

The answer is not another government program. The answer is better incentives.

The private sector is much better at providing what people need and want because it must respond to real demand. If people value a product or service, businesses expand. If they do not, resources move elsewhere. Government does not face that same discipline, which is why its growth should be limited, focused, and transparent.

This is not radical. States such as North Carolina, South Carolina, and Iowa are showing that spending restraint and tax reform can work together. When states control spending and reduce tax burdens, they become more attractive places to live, work, invest, and raise a family.

Louisiana should follow that path.

The question is not whether Louisiana can afford lower taxes. The question is whether Louisiana can afford to keep falling behind while other states compete more aggressively for people, jobs, and capital.
​

The Government Growth Limit is not the final reform. But it is a strong step toward the right goal: control spending, reduce tax rates, and remove barriers to growth.
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Sustainable State Budget Revolution Across the U.S. (Updated)

4/21/2026

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Government Spending Is The Problem

The late, great economist Milton Friedman said, "The real problem is government spending." This is true as spending comes before taxes or regulations. If people didn't form a government or politicians didn’t create new programs, there would be no need for government spending or taxes. And if there were no government spending or taxes to fund spending, then there would be no one to create or enforce regulations. 

​While this might sound like a utopian paradise, which I desire, there are essential, limited roles for governments outlined in constitutions and laws. Of course, most governments do much more than provide limited roles that preserve life, liberty, and property. This is why I have long been working diligently for decades to enact strong fiscal rules, including a spending limit, for federal, state, and local governments. I believe my God-given calling is to "let people prosper," whereby limiting government spending promotes greater liberty and more opportunities to flourish.

Empirical research underscores the importance of spending restraint over tax hikes in promoting economic growth. Studies by renowned economists Alberto Alesina and Silvia Ardagna, John Taylor, Casey Mulligan, and others have consistently shown that fiscal adjustments that reduce government spending are more effective at fostering economic growth than those that raise taxes.

Fortunately, multiple state think tanks have championed this sound budgeting approach through what they've called either the Responsible, Conservative, or Sustainable State Budget. I recently worked with Americans for Tax Reform to publish the Sustainable Budget Project, which provides spending comparisons and other valuable information for every state. This groundbreaking approach was outlined in my co-authored op-ed with Grover Norquist of ATR in The Wall Street Journal and has been discussed at NRO, the Club for Growth Foundation, and elsewhere.
When Did This Budget Approach Begin?

I began this approach in 2013 with my former colleagues at the Texas Public Policy Foundation, focusing on the Conservative Texas Budget. The approach is a fiscal rule based on an appropriations limit that covers as much of the budget as possible, ideally the entire budget, with a maximum amount based on the rate of population growth plus inflation and a supermajority (two-thirds) vote to exceed it. A version of this approach was initiated in Colorado in 1992 with the passage of their Taxpayer's Bill of Rights (TABOR), which key individuals like Dr. Barry Poulson and others championed  (picture below is from a road sign in Texas).
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Why Population Growth Plus Inflation?

​While there are many measures for a spending growth limit, the rate of population growth plus inflation provides the most reasonable measure of the average taxpayer's ability to pay for government spending without excessively crowding out their productive activities. It is essential to look at this from the taxpayer’s perspective rather than the appropriator’s view, given that taxpayers fund every dollar that appropriators redistribute from the private sector. Population growth combined with inflation is a stable metric that reduces uncertainty for taxpayers (and appropriators), essentially freezing inflation-adjusted per capita government spending over time. ​

The research in this space shows that the best fiscal rule is a spending limit based on the rate of population growth plus inflation, rather than on gross state product, personal income, or other growth rates. Population growth, combined with inflation, typically grows more slowly than these different rates, allowing more money to remain in the productive private sector, where it belongs.

To get technical for a moment, personal income growth and gross state product growth are essentially equivalent to the sum of population growth, inflation, and productivity growth. There's no reasonable basis to believe the government is more productive over time, so the last term would be zero, leaving only population growth plus inflation. And suppose you consider the productivity growth in the private sector. In that case, more money should be allocated to the more productive sector at the margin to achieve the highest rate of return, leaving only population growth and inflation.

Population growth plus inflation becomes the best measure, no matter how you look at it.

Given the recent high inflation, it is wise to use the average of population growth and inflation over several years to smooth out increased volatility (ATR's Sustainable Budget Project uses the average rate over the three years before a session year). And this rate of population growth plus inflation should be a ceiling, not a target, as governments should be appropriating less than this limit because they have been overspending for years, if not decades. Ideally, governments should freeze or reduce spending at all levels of government to provide more room for tax relief, less regulation, and more money in taxpayers' pockets.

Overview of Conservative Texas Budget Approach

This approach was partially introduced into state law in Texas in 2021 with Senate Bill 1336, as the state already has a spending limit in its constitution. The bill improved the limit to cover all general revenue ("consolidated general revenue") or 55% of the total budget rather than just 45% previously, base the growth limit on the rate of population growth times inflation instead of personal income growth, and raise the vote from a simple majority to three-fifths of both chambers to exceed it instead of a simple majority. 

Some improvements should be made to the recent statutory spending limit change in Texas, such as enshrining it in the constitution and adjusting the growth rate to reflect population growth plus inflation, rather than population growth times inflation calculated by (1+pop)*(1+inf). This limit is one of the strongest in the nation, as historically, the gold standard for a spending limit of Colorado's Taxpayer's Bill of Rights (TABOR) has been watered down over the years by its courts and legislators, as it currently covers just 43% of the budget instead of the original 67%. 

Unfortunately, the weaknesses in Texas's expenditure limits, including the weak constitutional spending limit and the consolidated general revenue spending limit, have contributed to excessive spending in recent years. The table below highlights the Texas Budget for the latest 2026-27 biennium. The Legislative Budget Board's (LBB) Reported Budget compares spending to appropriations, which is like comparing apples to oranges. Both are expenditure types, but appropriations are at the beginning or during the budget period, while spending is at the end. The table also includes the Budget since 2024-25, with an apples-to-apples comparison of initial appropriations across biennia. The budget since 2023, which uses this consistent comparison from 2022-23 to the proposed 2026-27 appropriations, shows that state fund appropriations are up 42.2% compared with population growth plus inflation of just 25%. These are historically significant increases in the budget over such a short period and are a major reason for concern. 
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The figure below shows how the growth in Texas’ biennial budget was cut by 13.3% from 12% to 10.4% after the creation of the Conservative Texas Budget in 2014, which first influenced the 2015 Legislature when crafting the 2016-17 budget, along with changes in the state’s governor (Gov. Greg Abbott), lieutenant governor (Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick), and some legislators. ​The 10.4% average growth rate of biennial appropriations since 2016 was above the 7.9% biennial average rate of population growth plus inflation, which was driven substantially higher after the latest 2024-25 budget, which was well above this key metric (previously, the biennial budget growth was 5.2% compared with 9.3% in the rate of population growth plus inflation). ​
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Making matters worse, the growth of the budget has increased substantially faster than population growth plus inflation in Texas since Republicans gained their first trifecta in control of the Governor's mansion, Senate, and House in 2003. Their first budget was in 2004-05, which the work of House Appropriations Chairman Talmadge Heflin (one of my wonderful mentors) helped address by closing a budget shortfall without raising taxes through spending cuts and restraint. The figure above highlights how the budget has grown nearly 30% faster than the average taxpayer's ability to pay for it over this period. The figure above illustrates how these excesses have accumulated over time, resulting in massive spending and substantial tax burdens on Texans. There is more work to do!​
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My Work On The Federal Budget In The White House

​From June 2019 to May 2020, I took a hiatus from state policy work to serve Americans as the associate director for economic policy (the "chief economist") at the White House Office of Management and Budget. There, I learned a great deal about the federal budget, the appropriations process, and the economic assumptions used to provide the upcoming 10-year budget projections. In the President's FY 2021 budget, we identified $4.6 trillion in fiscal savings, and I was able to include the need for a fiscal rule, which is a rare occurrence (see President Trump's last budget).
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Sustainable Budget Work With Other States, ATR, and CFGF

When I returned to the Texas Public Policy Foundation in May 2020, I sought to regain a sense of freedom during the COVID-19 pandemic and be closer to family. I started an effort to work on this sound budgeting approach with other state think tanks. This led me to work with many fantastic people who are trying to restrain government spending at the state, local, and federal levels. Here are my latest data on the federal and state budgets as part of American for Tax Reform's Sustainable Budget Project and a recent publication by the Club for Growth Foundation.

​From 2016 to 2025, the following happened:

Federal spending skyrocketed 81.9% to $7.0 trillion in 2025, which is two and a half times faster than the 32.4% increase in population growth plus inflation.
  • If Congress had restrained spending to this sustainable growth rate:
    • The federal government would’ve spent $1.9 trillion less in 2025.
    • The national debt would’ve increased by less, with a $2.7 trillion increase instead of $15.6 trillion.
    • Cumulative debt since 2006 would have risen by less, by $4.2 trillion rather than $23.2 trillion.
  • That’s trillions of dollars that could’ve stayed in people’s pockets or been invested in future prosperity, not siphoned off to fund bloated bureaucracies and waste.
Aggregate state spending, by the 50 state governments, excluding funds received from the federal government, increased by 65.8% during that decade to $2.1 trillion. 
  • Had states’ spending grown by the maximum rate of 32.4% in population growth plus inflation from 2016 to 2025, they:
    • Would have spent $419 billion less in 2024.
    • Would have had cumulative spending be $1.8 trillion less over that decade, leaving more money in people’s pockets.​
Result: When combining federal and state overspending, Americans lost over $3.1 trillion in 2025 and more than $20.8 trillion in excess taxes and debt across the decade.
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I hope that if we can get enough state think tanks to promote this budgeting approach, get this approach put into constitutions and statutes, and use it to limit local government spending as well, there will be plenty of momentum to provide sustainable, substantial tax relief and eventually impose a fiscal rule of a spending limit on the federal budget. This is an uphill battle, but I believe it is necessary to preserve liberty and provide more opportunities that let people prosper.

​Sustainable State Budget Revolution Across The Country

Below are the states and think tanks with which I'm working on this sustainable budget revolution. You can find an overview of this budgeting approach in Louisiana, which should be applied elsewhere. 

Here are the latest efforts:
  1. Americans for Tax Reform released the Sustainable Budget Project, which compares every state's spending with population growth and inflation, along with valuable comparisons and data for each state.
  2. Alaska: Alaska Policy Forum released the Responsible Alaska Budget.
  3. Colorado: The Independence Institute recently released the Sustainable Colorado Budget.
  4. Florida: James Madison Institute released the Conservative Florida Budget.
  5. Iowa: Iowans for Tax Relief Foundation released the Conservative Iowa Budget.
  6. Kansas: Kansas Policy Institute released the Responsible Kansas Budget.
  7. Louisiana: Pelican Institute released the Responsible Louisiana Budget; see the comparison between RLB and ATR's Sustainable Budget project.
  8. Michigan: Mackinac Center released the Sustainable Michigan Budget.
  9. Mississippi: Mississippi Center for Public Policy released the Responsible Mississippi Budget.
  10. Montana: Frontier Institute released a Conservative Montana Budget and a report on Responsible Local budgets.
  11. South Carolina: SC Policy Council released the South Carolina Sustainable Budget. Oconee County Council in South Carolina employed this approach and submitted its sustainable budget. 
  12. Tennessee: Beacon Center released the Conservative Tennessee Budget.
  13. Texas: Texas Public Policy Foundation released the Conservative Texas Budget and Responsible Local Budgets. Texans for Fiscal Responsibility released a similar metric.
  14. Federal: The Let Americans Prosper Project, along with the Responsible American Budget, aims to rein in federal spending to support fiscal sanity in Washington, D.C., which is essential to our country's future.
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If you're interested in pursuing this initiative in your state, please don't hesitate to contact me.

For more details, check out these write-ups on this issue by Grover Norquist and me at WSJ, Dan Mitchell at International Liberty, and The Economist.
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Why Inflation Keeps Rising | TWE 160

4/20/2026

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Affordability is under pressure across the U.S.—and the root causes are increasingly tied to policy choices.

In this episode of This Week’s Economy, we examine how persistent inflation, excessive federal spending, weak state tax reform, regulatory burdens, and supply constraints are driving higher costs and limiting opportunity for families and businesses.

The stakes are clear: when government expands and markets are distorted, the result is higher prices, reduced investment, and slower economic growth.

This episode provides a full economic health check—from CPI and jobs data to federal budgeting, property taxes, banking regulation, lawsuit costs, and emerging risks to future growth like data center restrictions.

The payoff is a roadmap for improving affordability: restore fiscal discipline, remove barriers to supply, and allow markets to allocate resources more efficiently.

🎧 Watch the full episode at the link above. 
📖 Read the full show notes: https://vanceginn.substack.com/p/ca1a37b7-7c59-4410-ba95-faa5c8dc2eb0

Subscribe, share, and explore more at vanceginn.com to stay informed and engaged.
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Kansas Has a Cost Problem—And It’s Driving People Away

4/20/2026

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Originally published at Kansas Policy Institute. 

Kansas isn’t collapsing. That would at least get attention. What’s happening is quieter and more dangerous: the state is becoming too expensive, too fragmented, and too average to compete, while other states pull ahead.

The new 2026 Kansas Green Book lays it out clearly. Kansas is not leading where it matters. It is lagging, and the reason comes down to cost.

Start with outcomes. Since 1998, Kansas ranks 41st in private-sector job growth at 11.9% increase, 37th in private-sector wage growth at 160%, and 32nd in GDP growth at 201%. Since 2000, Kansas ranks 39th in domestic migration at -7%. Pages 4, 6, 8, and 10, respectively, in the PDF below. 

Meanwhile, competitor states like Texas and Tennessee are consistently near the top. Texas ranks 4th in job growth at 63.5% and 3rd in GDP growth at 338%, while Tennessee ranks 9th in migration at 11%. These aren’t random differences. They reflect different policy choices.  

People are responding to those differences. When Kansas ranks near the bottom in migration, it means more people are leaving than arriving. And when they leave, they take their income, spending, and future investment with them.

So what’s driving it?

Start with taxes and spending. Kansas collects about $6,597 per resident in state and local taxes, ranking 27th nationally, and spends $5,584 per resident, ranking 23rd (Pages 12 and 14). That is not a low-tax, lean-government model. It is a middle-of-the-pack approach with below-average results.  

Now compare that to the states that are actually winning. The Green Book shows that no-income-tax states average just $3,826 per resident in spending, far below Kansas’s $5,584 per resident (Pages 14 and 15). That gap matters. States that spend less can tax less. States that tax less tend to grow more.

Kansas is choosing a different path.

Property taxes are where Kansans feel it most. And this is not just a mill rate issue—it is a structural problem. The report shows 40 of 105 counties saw property tax collections more than triple between 1997 and 2025, even while some populations declined (Pages 25, 26, and 27). That is not growth. That is a system where the government keeps expanding regardless of demand.  

The burden shows up in real comparisons. Wichita ranks 31st-highest nationally in urban homestead property taxes and 11th-highest in urban commercial property taxes, while Iola ranks 5th-highest in rural homestead property taxes and 1st-highest in rural commercial property taxes (Pages 28 to 39). Those are not outliers. They are signals that Kansas is overloading property owners relative to other states.  

Why is this happening? Too much government at too many levels.

Kansas ranks 48th in residents per general-purpose government unit, with just 1,493 residents per unit compared to a national average of 8,806 (Page 16). That means more overlapping jurisdictions, more administrative overhead, and more duplication. And all of it has to be funded by taxpayers.  

In some counties, the report shows that government jobs account for more than a third, and sometimes more than half, of total employment. That is not a private-sector growth strategy. That is a sign the public sector has crowded out productive activity.

Put it all together, and the pattern is clear. Kansas is not losing because of one bad policy. It is losing because of a system that costs too much and delivers too little in terms of growth.

And here is where the argument needs to be clear. This is not about chasing the lowest taxes for their own sake. It is about recognizing that cost matters in a competitive economy. 

When states like Texas, Florida, and Tennessee keep their costs lower—especially by avoiding income taxes and controlling spending—they attract more people, more investment, and more opportunity. Kansas does not have to guess what works. The evidence is already there.

The Green Book makes another critical point: reducing state taxes alone is not enough if local government continues to expand. The benefits of state-level reform are diluted by a fragmented local system that keeps pushing property taxes higher. That is why real reform has to address both state spending and local government structure simultaneously.  

So what needs to change?

Kansas needs fewer layers of government, not more. This requires spending that grows more slowly than the average taxpayer’s ability to pay for it. Property tax relief comes from controlling spending, not shifting burdens around. And there is a need for a tax system that rewards work and investment instead of penalizing them. Most of all, it needs to stop settling.

Kansas is not failing overnight. It is falling behind year by year, ranking by ranking, decision by decision. In a world where people and businesses can move, that kind of slow drift is exactly how states lose.

The good news is that it is fixable. But only if lawmakers stop confusing average with acceptable—and start making Kansas competitive again.

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Fiscal Discipline Wins

4/8/2026

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Originally published on Substack. 

As state legislative sessions move deeper into spring, the contrast in fiscal policy is getting harder to ignore.

Some states are proving that disciplined budgeting can create room for lasting tax relief and stronger growth. Others are still trapped in the usual cycle of overspending, budget gimmicks, and late-session chaos.

That divide matters because sustainable budgets are not an accounting exercise. They are the difference between letting families and businesses keep more of what they earn or handing more of it over to government.

The best benchmark for a responsible budget is simple: keep government spending growth at or below the rate of population growth plus inflation. That is the most reasonable measure of the average taxpayer’s ability to pay for government spending without being taxed into poverty or priced out of prosperity.

When government grows faster than that, it is taking more resources than the private economy can comfortably support.
The ATR Sustainable Budget Project still offers one of the best ways to think about that framework, even though its full update is not yet complete and should be refreshed for each state soon.

The most recent available data still make the point clearly: from 2016 to 2025, aggregate state spending excluding federal transfers rose 65.8%, while the sustainable benchmark rose only 32.4%.
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Had states held spending to that ceiling, they would have spent $419 billion less in 2025 alone and $1.8 trillion less cumulatively over the decade.

When state and federal overspending are combined, Americans lost more than $20.8 trillion in excess taxes and debt over that period.

That is the real story too many politicians still refuse to tell. We do not have a revenue problem. We have a spending problem.

The Benchmark Matters

A sustainable budget is not anti-government. It is anti-excess.

If spending grows only with population growth plus inflation, government can still do core functions while leaving more room for production, investment, hiring, and higher wages in the private sector.

Once spending outruns that benchmark, lawmakers are effectively choosing bureaucracy over prosperity.

As Bastiat taught, the biggest losses are often the unseen ones: the business not opened, the job not created, the home not purchased, the family budget quietly squeezed.

West Virginia Chose Relief

West Virginia offers one of the better examples of what fiscal discipline can produce. Governor Patrick Morrisey recently signed about $230 million in annual tax relief, including a 5% across-the-board personal income tax cut effective for the 2026 tax year.

The package also aligned West Virginia’s tax code more closely with permanent provisions of the federal Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, including bonus depreciation, larger child and dependent care benefits, and better treatment for research investment.

That is what happens when lawmakers create room to return money to the people who earned it instead of treating every extra dollar as government’s to keep.

New York Chose Drift

Then there is New York, where lawmakers passed their second one-week budget extender this April while fighting over a proposed budget of at least $263 billion.

Governor Hochul has not delivered a single on-time budget since taking office in 2021, and last year’s budget was not finished until May 8, the latest since 2010.

New York’s problem is not that it lacks revenue. Its problem is that without a real spending ceiling, every budget cycle becomes a feeding frenzy for special interests. When there are no guardrails, delay and dysfunction are not surprises. They are the predictable outcome.

Why Padding Matters

The most important long-run lesson is this: permanent tax relief requires budget padding.

When lawmakers keep actual spending growth meaningfully below the sustainable ceiling, they create a structural surplus.

That surplus is not “new money” for politicians to spend. It is tax revenue the government collected but did not need. The honest answer is to return it.

That is the logic behind frameworks like the South Carolina Responsible Budget, which lays out a path to permanent income-tax elimination through spending restraint and ratchet-down tax relief. That is how states move from temporary tax cuts to lasting reform.

Three Takeaways for Policymakers

1. Population growth plus inflation is the right ceiling for a fiscal rule at every level of government.

Any spending growth above that benchmark is government taking more than the average taxpayer can sustainably support.

2. Overspending is costly and measurable.

The latest available ATR budget data still show states overspending by $419 billion in 2025 alone relative to the sustainable benchmark, even as the full project update remains pending.

3. Discipline creates room for tax relief.

West Virginia and Georgia are showing how restraint can support real tax cuts, while New York keeps showing what happens when there are no spending guardrails.

The states that embrace sustainable budgeting now will be the ones attracting workers, investment, and families in the years ahead. The ones that do not will keep passing extenders, growing government, and wondering why prosperity keeps leaving.
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Healing Washington’s Spending Binge

3/27/2026

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Originally published on Substack. 

When even Washington starts admitting the math no longer works, you know the problem is serious.

That is why US House Budget Chairman Jodey Arrington’s recent remarks matter. He said plainly that the old fiscal playbook is broken. In 2017, he noted, the savings needed to balance the budget in 10 years were about $6 trillion. Now they are closer to $16 trillion.
He is right that the country is in dangerous territory. He is right that deficits and debt relative to GDP matter. And a 3 percent deficit-to-GDP framework is certainly better than the denial and drift we have now.

But let’s be honest about the deeper problem. Washington does not have a tax revenue problem. It has a spending problem. That is the whole ballgame.

Spending Comes First

As I have noted in my work on Responsible State Budgets Across the U.S., government spending is the problem because it comes first. Debt comes after. Inflation comes after. Pressure for higher taxes comes after.

Politicians spend too much, then act surprised when the bill shows up. And the bill is here.
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Federal spending was $4.8 trillion in 2019. By fiscal year 2025, it had climbed to $7 trillion. That is not normal growth. That is a spending binge.
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My broader budget work shows the same pattern over a longer stretch: from 2015 to 2024, federal spending rose 88.0 percent, while population growth plus inflation rose just 27.6 percent. Had Congress simply restrained spending to that sustainable benchmark, Washington would have spent $2.2 trillion less in 2024 alone.

Why the Rule Matters

That is why I recommend a strict spending limit rather than a deficit ratio.

A 3 percent deficit target can tell you something is wrong. It is a useful warning light. But it does not tell you how Washington gets there.

Politicians can chase a lower budget deficit through higher taxes, rosy assumptions, gimmicks, or inflation doing some of the work for them. That may improve a ratio on paper while leaving the federal government too large and the private economy too burdened.

A hard spending limit tied to population growth plus inflation is better because it goes straight at the source of the problem: overspending. It should also be treated as a ceiling, not a target. That distinction matters more than most people realize.

Friedman and Alesina
​

Milton Friedman understood it well. He warned that the true burden of government is what it spends, not merely how it is financed. Higher taxes do not solve the real problem if they simply make room for higher spending later.
That is exactly the danger with making a deficit ratio the main goal. You can lower the deficit and still lose the larger fight for limited government.

The evidence points the same direction. Alberto Alesina’s research found that when countries had to repair their finances, plans built more on spending cuts generally performed better than those built more on tax increases.

Tax-based consolidations tended to be more recessionary. Spending-based restraint was more effective at stabilizing debt and less damaging to growth.

That should not be surprising. If you are trying to restore prosperity, you do not do it by punishing more work, saving, and investment. You cut spending.

The Fiscal Gap

By this framework, federal spending today should be at most $5.5 trillion, not above $7 trillion. Washington is overspending by roughly $1.5 trillion every year relative to a sustainable budget path. That is my estimate based on the official spending totals and the population-plus-inflation benchmark, and the direction is unmistakable.

The federal government has grown far faster than the country’s ability to support it.

Families Pay the Price

Families have been paying for that through inflation. The latest Consumer Price Index shows prices up 2.4 percent over the year in February 2026, with food prices up 3.1 percent and food away from home up 3.9 percent.

The PCE price index, which the Fed prefers, was up 2.8 percent over the year in January, with core PCE up 3.1 percent. Inflation is off its peak, but that is not the same as saying the damage is gone.

Families still feel it every time they buy groceries, go out to eat, or try to stretch a paycheck.

Debt and Distortion

The debt story is uglier still. The latest Congressional Budget Office outlook projects a federal deficit of $1.9 trillion in 2026, rising to $3.1 trillion by 2036. Debt held by the public rises from about 101 percent of GDP to 120 percent over that period. Net interest costs alone rise from $1.0 trillion to $2.1 trillion.

More and more of the federal budget will go simply to financing yesterday’s excesses.
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And then there is the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet. As of March 25, 2026, the Fed’s balance sheet of $6.7 trillion, including $4.4 trillion in Treasury securities and about $2. trillion in mortgage-backed securities.
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The Fed’s own research shows that holdings like these put downward pressure on longer-term interest rates. In plain English, the central bank has helped make Washington’s borrowing binge look cheaper than it really is.
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That error cannot last forever.

I do not know the exact form of the reckoning. It could come through higher long-term rates, weaker growth, renewed inflation pressure, or some ugly combination of all three.

But governments do not outrun arithmetic forever, and central banks do not permanently repeal market discipline.

Three Takeaways for Policymakers

1. A deficit target is better than drift, but it is not enough.
Use a 3 percent deficit-to-GDP goal as a warning light if you want. Use a spending limit as the steering wheel.

2. Spending is the real problem.
A hard cap tied to population growth plus inflation restrains government at its source and avoids the trap of trying to “fix” deficits with higher taxes.

3. Waiting is the dangerous choice.
With debt, inflation, and the Fed’s still-bloated balance sheet all pointing in the same direction, the prudent move is to shrink spending now before markets impose discipline later.

The Bottom Line

The federal government is too big. It spends too much. It borrows too much. And it has been shielded for too long by a central bank that softened the warning signs Washington should have been forced to confront years ago.

That cannot continue forever.

We should prepare now. Shrink government spending. Adopt a hard spending limit. Get our fiscal house in order while we still have a choice.
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Trump Gave Confident SOTU. Now the Hard Part.

2/25/2026

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Originally published on Substack.

President Trump’s State of the Union speech of a record 108 minutes last night had something Washington too often forgets: confidence.
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After years of Americans being told to lower expectations, it was refreshing to hear a president speak as if this country can still build big things, lead the world, and win the future.

That tone matters. Americans are tired of being scolded by technocrats while their bills climb. They want to hear that the country is capable again.

But here’s the hard truth: a confident tone is not a governing strategy.

If the goal is rising living standards, the next step has to be less government interference, not new versions of it.

Too much of what passes for “action” in Washington is still about pulling levers, picking winners, adding controls, and expanding federal “help” that quietly raises prices and limits choice.

Classical liberals, like me, have warned about this for a reason: the levers don’t make people freer. They make people dependent.

The best version of this presidency—and the best version of America—is a future-first agenda with one true north star: let people prosper.

If you want the whole framework in one place, start with my policy guide.

Keep America leading on innovation

The speech signaled that the United States should stay on offense in innovation, especially on AI.

That is the right instinct. America doesn’t win by copying Europe’s regulatory mindset.

We win by letting entrepreneurs scale, compete, and deliver products that make life better and cheaper. That consumer-driven approach is why I’ve pushed an innovation-first approach instead of politicized crackdowns on success.

Call out broken systems—but fix them the market way

It’s also good to acknowledge what voters already know: the economy isn’t “rigged by accident.”

Too many industries are distorted by government-created barriers and entrenched middlemen.

Calling problems out is useful. The danger is when the “fix” becomes another layer of bureaucracy that never goes away. Government rarely shrinks itself. It multiplies.

What was missing: the future-first, classical liberal playbook

1) Spending discipline should be the opening line, not an afterthought

Washington cannot keep running up massive tabs and pretend it isn’t part of the cost-of-living squeeze.

Excessive spending distorts markets, pushes up borrowing, raises interest costs, and entrenches inflation expectations. It also turns every other priority into a gimmick fight because lawmakers refuse to address the root.

This is why the real threat is not that Americans keep too much of their own money. The real threat is that government spends too much of everyone’s money.

That’s the core point behind spending-driven debt and why sustainable budgeting needs to be the baseline.

If you want a practical model, look at how fiscal guardrails work in the states and why they matter for stability.

I’ve laid that out in sustainable budgeting and in the case for a serious federal reset like the responsible budget.

A future SOTU should say this plainly: we will cut and cap federal spending growth, eliminate budget gimmicks, and make prosperity possible again by letting the private economy breathe.

2) Tariffs are taxes—even when they sound tough

A future-first agenda doesn’t tax Americans through tariffs and call it strategy. Tariffs are taxes. Taxes raise prices. They hit families at checkout and hit producers through higher input costs. Then politicians act shocked when prices rise and growth slows.

If the goal is abundance, you don’t choke supply chains with border taxes. You cut domestic barriers to production. That’s why I keep hammering the simplest truth in economics: tariffs raise costs.

I’ve also warned how tariff escalations create uncertainty and squeeze working households in trade-war reality and why politicians keep failing the basics of Econ 101.

A pro-worker trade policy is not “tax the things you buy.” It’s “make it easier to produce here”—permitting reform, energy abundance, lower regulatory costs, and predictable rules.

3) Tax cuts should be broad, neutral, and sustainable—not swapped for hidden taxes

Broad-based income and corporate tax cuts can lift work, investment, and wages. The key is broad-based. Targeted carveouts and special breaks aren’t prosperity. They’re politics.

But even good tax cuts fail when spending restraint is absent.

If Washington refuses to control spending, tax cuts become temporary and debt becomes permanent. That’s why tax reform without restraint isn’t reform—it’s a short-lived headline.

And no, tax cuts should not be “paid for” with higher tariffs. That’s not relief.

A serious future SOTU would commit to a simple order of operations:
  • cut and cap spending growth first,
  • then deliver broad-based tax relief,
  • and keep the base broad so everyone wins.

4) Healthcare reform should empower patients, not import price controls

Healthcare is expensive because patients aren’t treated like customers. Prices are hidden, incentives are distorted, and middlemen dominate the rails.

That’s why the continued attraction to “Most Favored Nation” drug pricing is a red flag.

MFN is price control—importing foreign government benchmarks into U.S. pricing.

Price controls may look like “savings” on paper, but the real cost shows up later as weaker incentives to innovate, slower launches, fewer trials, and less access over time.

I’ve been direct about the damage from MFN price-setting.

If the goal is to expand access and lower costs, we should push competition, transparency, faster approvals, and direct purchasing models that increase consumer choice—not bureaucratic formulas that reduce the incentive to develop tomorrow’s cures.

The same principle applies to PBMs: the middleman problem is real, but bans and mandates can backfire if incentives stay broken.

That’s why I’ve argued that PBM bans backfire and why reforms should focus on restoring market pressure, not replacing one distortion with another.

5) Housing needs supply—not scapegoats, caps, or punishment taxes

Housing may be the clearest example of the difference between serious policy and political theater.

Housing is expensive because we didn’t build enough for decades. Zoning limits, permitting delays, and process abuse restrict supply. Then politicians look for villains instead of looking in the mirror.

Restricting institutional investors won’t build a single home. Punitive taxes and ownership caps shrink rental options, discourage rehab, and risk rushed sell-offs that displace renters and destabilize neighborhoods.

The real solution is to build, build, build: streamline permitting, reduce zoning barriers, speed up approvals, and stop turning housing into a legal obstacle course.

My market-first framework is in expanding supply.

And the truly “future” housing reform Washington avoids is unwinding federal distortions that socialize risk and politicize credit.

That includes finally privatizing the mortgage giants so housing finance is driven by market signals rather than permanent federal dominance.

6) Sound money means respecting price signals—including interest rates

Interest rates are prices. Artificially forcing them down is how you set up the next bust.

When policymakers manipulate the price of credit, they create malinvestment, bubbles, and painful corrections later.

I’ve written about the Fed’s role in boom-and-bust dynamics and the distortions created by monetary manipulation—how easy money changes investment patterns before reality catches up.

If you want the clearest articulation of the mechanism, see the argument about the Fed’s boom-bust cycles and why inflation pessimism is driven by policy failure, not public “misunderstanding,” in my work on inflation and rate hikes.

A future SOTU should commit to sound money principles and fiscal restraint so rates are not constantly being used as a political pressure valve.

7) Family policy should build independence, not dependency

Washington loves programs that sound pro-family and end up being pro-bureaucracy. “Accounts,” credits, subsidies, and new federal benefit pipelines might poll well, but they often expand dependency and deepen the tax-and-transfer state.
A better family agenda is pro-growth: higher real wages through productivity, lower prices through competition, and more opportunity through less red tape.

That’s why I’ve pushed back on federal social engineering through the tax code and gimmicks that avoid the spending problem.

My conversation on the risk of Washington-designed “Trump accounts” is captured in fiscal reality.

The next SOTU I want to hear: a true north star “Let People Prosper” address

If I could write next year’s State of the Union for a president who wants a booming America, it would be a forward-looking abundance agenda—not a nostalgia tour, not a grievance list, not a government expansion dressed up as toughness.

Here is what I would want to hear—policy by policy—built around a simple principle: the federal government should stop making life harder and start getting out of the way.

1) A binding commitment to spending cuts and limits

Not “we’ll find savings.” Not “we’ll cut waste.”

A real commitment to spending cuts and future growth limits that keep government from growing faster than average taxpayer’s ability to fund it.

A pledge to end budget gimmicks, stop treating “emergencies” as permanent, and set a path to fiscal sustainability. The blueprint is in the policy guide and the spending logic is in the case for fiscal sanity.

2) Broad-based tax relief that lasts because spending falls

I want a president to say: we will cut tax rates broadly and keep the base broad.

But we will not fund tax relief with hidden tax hikes like tariffs. We will fund it by shrinking the growth of government itself.

That’s how you deliver lasting relief rather than a temporary sugar high. The warnings are already clear in spending-first reform and durable tax reform.

3) A real abundance plan: deregulate production across the economy

A future SOTU should treat regulation like what it often is: a hidden tax that raises prices, blocks competitors, and protects incumbents.

That includes:
  • permitting reform so energy, housing, and infrastructure can be built,
  • faster approvals for innovation,
  • and rolling back rules that restrict supply.

This is what pro-growth leadership looks like: not micromanaging prices, but freeing the economy to produce more.

4) A clean break from tariff-tax politics

I would want to hear a simple pledge: we will not raise tariffs to “solve” domestic problems.

We will compete through productivity, innovation, and free exchange. We will stop using emergency powers to raise taxes without accountability.

That’s the principle behind my argument that ending tariffs is pro-worker and why policymakers must stop failing basic economics.

5) Healthcare reform that makes patients the customers again

The future SOTU should reject price controls outright—MFN included—and instead commit to reforms that expand competition:
  • transparent pricing,
  • portable, consumer-driven options,
  • direct purchasing,
  • and faster, cheaper pathways for innovation.

If you want the cautionary tale, see price-control harm. If you want the middleman warning, see why bans fail.

6) Housing reform focused on supply—and federal distortions

I want a SOTU that says: we will stop blaming investors and start building homes.

Federal policy should encourage supply, not choke it. States and localities should streamline permitting and stop weaponizing zoning.

And Washington should stop doubling down on a government-directed mortgage system that distorts incentives. That means ending permanent federal dominance and restoring market pricing in housing finance.

7) Sound money and a Fed that stops fueling cycles

A future SOTU should acknowledge a reality too many leaders avoid: boom-and-bust cycles aren’t acts of God. They’re often policy-driven.

A better economy requires predictable rules, fiscal restraint, and monetary sanity.

That includes getting serious about how credit manipulation fuels cycles—see the case for limiting the Fed’s monetary weapon.

8) A freedom-first governance pledge

Finally, I want to hear the simplest promise a leader can make to restore trust: government will serve the people by doing less—protecting rights, enforcing the rule of law, and leaving voluntary exchange alone.

That’s the only sustainable path to prosperity, the only path compatible with a free society, and the only path that keeps the American experiment worth inheriting.

Call to action

If you want policy that is serious about prosperity and honest about tradeoffs, subscribe and follow my work at Ginn Economic Consulting at vanceginn.com.

I’ll keep offering the true north star Washington rarely does: let people prosper—with more competition, more supply, and less government in the way.

​Five-point review for lawmakers
  • Cap federal spending growth and adopt sustainable budgets that make reforms last.
  • Reject tariff hikes and other hidden taxes that raise prices for families and producers.
  • Cut tax rates broadly only alongside spending restraint, not tax swaps.
  • Stop healthcare price controls like MFN and push competition and transparency.
  • Fix housing by building and expanding supply, not scapegoating investors.

Thank you for reading. Subscribe today.

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Finish the Job: Make South Carolina’s Tax Reform Sustainable

2/25/2026

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Originally published at South Carolina Policy Institute.

South Carolina is closer than ever to a real, structural path to zero income taxes. The amended version of H.4216 is a meaningful improvement over earlier drafts. Based on recommendations from the South Carolina Policy Council, it now includes a provision dedicating 25 percent of the recurring income tax revenue surplus to additional tax relief. Lawmakers deserve credit for strengthening the path to rate reduction and eventual elimination.

The version of the bill passed by the House last year established a two-tier system, with a top rate of 5.39 percent and a bottom rate of 1.99 percent. The Senate-amended version retains the 1.99 percent bottom rate but reduces the top rate to 5.21 percent, a welcome change.

But the big question is sustainability. Will this reform hold up when the economy slows, or will promised tax relief stall?
The amended bill is primarily a tax-revenue-trigger bill, not the full budget-surplus buydown model that puts the emphasis where it belongs: on reining in government spending.

A revenue trigger says: cut taxes if revenues grow fast enough. In this case, the bill conditions future rate reductions on projected income tax revenues growing by at least 5 percent year over year. That is a forecast-based threshold. If growth falls short, tax relief slows or stops.

A budget surplus trigger, especially when paired with a firm spending limit, works differently. It says: cut taxes when the government spends responsibly, and real excess money is left over. That distinction matters because it shifts the focus from revenue predictions to actual fiscal discipline.

That is why the budget matters so much right now. South Carolina’s current budget trajectory shows what happens when lawmakers treat surpluses as permission to expand government. The Policy Council’s FY27 analysis shows the state is still on a path of big spending growth, which undermines long-run tax relief. 
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The math is straightforward. Historically, South Carolina’s General Fund revenue has grown around 7 percent annually. Population growth plus inflation has averaged closer to 4 to 4.5 percent. That gap, about 2.5 to 3 percent, is the natural surplus that appears when spending is held to a responsible benchmark. That is the engine of sustainable tax reform.

If spending growth is restrained, surpluses emerge without cutting core services. If lawmakers dedicate a fixed share of those surpluses to tax rate reductions each year, rates fall steadily. That is how you get to zero faster. If spending keeps rising at the pace of revenue, the surplus disappears, and the path to zero drags out.

South Carolina should learn from Kansas. Critics claimed the Brownback-era tax cuts failed. But the core problem was not that tax relief is impossible. It was the lack of consistent spending restraint. 

As Jonathan Williams of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) argues in Kansas Tax Cuts Success Hidden in Plain Sight, the lesson is that tax reform must be paired with fiscal discipline and structural reforms. States cannot print money. It is taxes now or taxes later if spending outpaces affordability.

The amended H.4216 is a major step in the right direction. It reflects the shift toward surplus-driven tax relief that the South Carolina Policy Council has pushed, and South Carolinians will be better off because of it. 
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Why Affordability Is the Defining Issue of 2026 | This Week's Economy Ep. 152

2/23/2026

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​Affordability may be the defining word of 2026. After years of elevated inflation, a housing affordability crisis, and signs of softness in the labor market, many Americans are feeling squeezed—and looking for answers. You can expect this issue to loom large at the polls in November. That’s why state and federal lawmakers should confront one of the central drivers of this “unaffordable” economy: fiscal irresponsibility. Persistent overspending helps fuel inflation and adds uncertainty that holds back growth. It’s time to get serious about sustainable budgeting and pro-growth policies that expand opportunity—so Americans can find well-paid jobs, secure affordable housing, and afford daily life again.

In today’s This Week’s Economy, I take an honest look at the latest economic data—even where it challenges media narratives. We’ll also examine the risks of a rising push for social media bans and why energy abundance is essential to powering our technological future.

Let’s dive in! Catch the full episode on YouTube, Apple Podcast, or Spotify, and visit my website for more information.
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    Vance Ginn, Ph.D.
    ​@LetPeopleProsper

    Vance Ginn, Ph.D., is President of Ginn Economic Consulting and collaborates with more than 20 free-market think tanks to let people prosper. Follow him on X: @vanceginn and subscribe to his newsletter: vanceginn.substack.com

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